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The Kingdom of Lesotho, officially known, is situated in the African continent, surrounded by South Africa, making it an independent kingdom. It shares its only border with South Africa, located right in the middle of South African Republic territory.
In the early 19th century, under the leadership of a president named Moshesh, a union of various tribes marked the first traces of the country's history. Lesotho, which gained internal independence in 1959, achieved full independence on October 4, 1966. Administratively divided into 10 regions, Maseru, the capital of Lesotho, is joined by other significant cities such as Mohales Hoek, Mokhotlong, and Maheteng. The majority of the country's nearly 2 million population is formed by the Basotho people.
In addition to the Bantu ethnic group, there are European mestizos and Asians in Lesotho. The country has two official languages, English and Sesotho. The locals mostly speak the Lesotho language, but overall, 99% of the population is familiar with Sesotho. Other local languages spoken in the country include Zulu, Sephuthi, and Xhosa. The official currency used in the country is the South African Rand.
Lesotho has an economy based on agriculture and animal husbandry, with a large portion of the population making a living through farming. Major agricultural products include wheat, broomcorn, and maize. Animal husbandry is also economically significant in Lesotho, where sheep, goats, and cattle are abundantly raised. Except for small industries such as a candle factory, a meat canning factory, and cold storage facilities, there are few industrial activities. The main export products include maize, wheat, pulses, barley, diamonds, farm animals, and animal products.
Despite its small size in terms of area, the country is quite poor in natural resources. Geographically, it is divided into flatlands in the west and rugged mountainous regions in the east. While the temperature in the flatlands reaches 32 degrees in the summer, it can drop to -7 degrees in winter. In the mountainous regions, the temperature difference is not as pronounced, but winter temperatures can go down to -16 degrees. The country receives most of its rainfall between October and April, with occasional partial droughts. Lesotho experiences a temperate climate with dominant types of subtropical climates, showing high-temperature differences between night and day.
On Lesotho's Independence Day on October 4, the country hosts incredibly enthusiastic celebrations. Various festivals and events are occasionally organized. The Moshoeshoe Day Festival, celebrating the life of the country's founder on March 14, is marked by a procession from the palace in the capital, Maseru, to the Sotho Stadium.
In the traditional cuisine influenced by the Basotho community's culture, Lesotho primarily features meat-based menus. Despite being a landlocked country, the prevalence of fish consumption is noteworthy. Additionally, their locally consumed alcoholic beverages are led by Maluti beers.